Stinger SGP9050 50-Amp Circuit Breaker List Price: $74.99 Sale Price: $30.57 You save: $44.42 (59%)
	Description 50 Amp Ultimate circuit protection Easy reset / disconnect Accepts 5/16" ring terminals

	Stinger SGP90100 100-Amp Circuit Breaker List Price: $74.99 Sale Price: $29.52 You save: $45.47 (61%)
	Description 100 Amp Ultimate circuit protection Easy reset/disconnect Accepts 5/16" ring terminals

GSI GPROKIT8 8 Gauge PRO Power AMP Kit List Price: $24.99 Sale Price: $22.78 You save: $2.21 (9%)

Description - 17 ft. 8 Gauge Power Cable - 3 ft. 8 Gauge Ground Cable - 17 ft. Blue RCA Cable - 25 ft. 16 Gauge Speaker Cable - 17 ft. 18 Gauge Blue Remote Turn-on Wire - 6 ft. Split Loom Cable Conduit - Gold AGU In-Line Fuse Holder - Gold AGU Fuse 50A - 8 Gauge Gold Ring Terminal - 8 Gauge Gold Spade Terminal - Gold Speaker Terminal - Butt Connector - Self Tapping Screw - Black Grommet - Cable Tie

	IMC Audio 0 Gauge Power Cable Wire BY THE FOOT Sale Price: $3.99

	IMC Audio 2 Gauge Black Power Wire Cable Roll 100 Ft Sale Price: $121.99

Legacy LAMP4 1600 Watt 4 Gauge Amplifier Installation Kit List Price: $33.99 Sale Price: $18.92 You save: $15.07 (44%)

Description 20ft 4 Gauge Clear Red Power Wire 4ft 4 Gauge Clear Black Ground Wire 20ft 16 Gauge Blue Remote Turn-on 20ft 12 Gauge Speaker Wire 20ft Right Angle RCA Interconnect Audio Cable 6ft Black Split Loom Cable Conduit AGU Type 60A Gold Plated Fuse Water Resistant In-line Fuse Holder 2 Ring Terminals: 4 G 2 Spade Terminals: 4 G 5 Spade Terminals: 14-16 G 3 Butt Connectors 20 Cable Ties 1 Black Grommet

	Lanzar AMPKIT4 Contaq 1800 Watt 4 Gauge Power Amp Kit List Price: $39.99 Sale Price: $24.82 You save: $15.17 (38%)
	Description Transparent Blue Power Cable (16FT) Transparent Silver Ground Cable (3FT) Transparent Blue Remote Cable (15FT) Transparent Speaker Cable (20FT) Accessories: AGU Fuse Holder 1PC AGU Fuse 1PC Spade Terminals 4 PCS Ring Terminals 2PCS Butt Connector 1PC Cable TIE Grommet 1PC Crimp Caps 3PCS White Screw 1PC

Defensive Mechanism of S.s

Defensive Mechanism of S.S

CIRCUIT BREAKER:

I. Introduction

The primary functions of a circuit breaker are interrupting short circuit current, carrying normal currents, switching ON and OFF normal loads, and providing necessary insulating between live parts and earthed parts. The maintenance problems involved with bulk oil circuit breakers were immense. Minimum Oil technology had replaced bulk oil technology during 1950’s. Similarly the air -blast technology was developed for obtaining higher performance characteristics. However, the air -blast breakers are quite expensive, and their operation and maintenance cumbersome. Hence and need was felt during 1960’s for reduced maintenance.

SF6 was first obtained from Fluorine and Sulphur in 1900 by M/s. H.MOSSAN and PLEBEAU. Behavior of SF6 in Electrical field was studied by M/s. H.G. PQLLOCK and  P.S. COOPER in 4936 known for over two decades, perfection on commercial exploitation was attained during 1960’s. This development made it possible for SF6 gas at low pressure to be used in BIN circuit breakers for insulating and are’ quenching purposes, Some of the outstanding properties of SF 6 gas which make its use ideal in EHV circuit. breakers are:

            1. Inertness

            2. Non-toxicity

            3. Electro negative nature

            4. High dielectric strength

            5. Unique are quenching property

            6. Chemical and thermal stability

            7. Good Thermal conductivity

            8. Non corrosiveness

            9. Non-Flammability

            The combined electrical, physical, chemical and thermal properties of SF6 offer the following outstanding features when used  in power circuit breaker.

            1. Safety

            2. Size reduction

            3. Weight reduction

            4. Simplified design

            5. High degree of reliability

            6. Switching of  capacitive currents without restrike

            7. Very tow noise level

            8. Easy for handling

            9. Easy for installation

            10. Maintenance free service

2. Properties of Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6 )

a) Physical properties:

                        SF6 is a colorless, odorless and non-flammable gas. The fluorine atoms are placed at the corners of a regular octa-hedran with the sulphur atom centrally placed at a distance of 1.58 angstrom units. The bonds are predominantly covalent and the dissociation equation is

                                    SF6  --à  SF5 + F __________

            The decomposition potential is 15.7 ev.  SF6 gas is a very heavy gas and its density is approximately 5.5 times that of air. It is highly stable. It is more compressible than air and follows the law of perfect gases.

b)Electrical properties:

                        The di-electric strength of SF6 gas is 3 times that of air at atmospheric pressure and is only marginally reduced by the presence of air as impurity. The dielectric strength increases with increasing pressure. At a pressure of three bars, the dielectric strength becomes equal to that transformer oil. The size and electro negative nature molecule explain this strength. The molecule provides a large electron collision diameter. This results in capture of electrons preventing them from attaining sufficient energy to create additional .current carrying particles. SF6moiecuie also has the ability to store energy in the vibrational and electronic’ levels of the molecule there by forming stable ions of low mobility.

            The dielectric strength of SF6 remains unaltered over a wide range of frequencies. since SF6 has no dipole moment, the dielectric constant does not vary with frequency. AT 27.30c and atmospheric pressure the dielectric constant is 1.00191 and loss angle is 2 x 10-7.

            The dielectric properties of SF6 remain unchanged even at low temperatures. Unlike solid insulation materials an electrical breakdown in SF 6 gas does not result in permanent deterioration of its properties. Break down in all filled equipment may result in enormous increased of pressure due to gas formation but such hazards do not exist in the case of SF6 filled equipment.

c)Arc quenching properties:

            The ability to quench arc is unique to SF 6. This results in the high dielectric strength of the gas and the very rapid recovery of dielectric strength after arcing occurs. SF6 is approximately 100 times more effective in this respect than air under similar conditions. The low arc-time constant and its capacity to absorb free electrons due to electro negative nature makes it an excellent medium for arc interruption. The complex molecular motion of SF6 enables it to absorb electric energy and form stable negative ions. Its tendency to form negative ion around current zero results in the fast disappearance of electrons liberated during arcing. Unlike oil, arcing in SF6 will produce no carbon deposits or carbon tracking.

            The electro-negative property of SF6 may be due to several factors, including its large collision diameter. If stray electron electric field can be absorbed before they attain sufficient energy to create additional current carrying particles though collision, the breakdown can be slowed or even stopped. The large collision diameter of SF6 molecule assists in capturing these electrons. energy can be stored in the vibration levels of the SF6 atom, forming stable negative ions of low mobility. Thus the gas is electronegative in nature and shows .great electron binding capacity. Hence SF6 gas displays splendid arc-extinguishing performance .

            The arc time constant is directly proportional to the radius of arc makes it possible to have large number of breakings at full capacity of the breaker. The characteristic curve of the arc is such that the extinction power b low. In a typical case where the extinction power was of the order of 20 KW for an SF6 breaker, the corresponding value of an air blast breaker was in hundreds of KW.

            Some ion formation process with SF6 are :

            Resonance capture                  :           SF6 + e  -à  (SF6) - SF5- + F

            Positive ion formation             :           SF6 + e  -à (SF6+) + 2e -SF5- + F + 2e-

            Excitation & dissociation                    :           SF6 + e  -à (SF6-) + e -SF5- + F + e

            Positive & negative ion formation:     SF + e -à  (SF6-) + e -SF5 + F -+ e

d) Heat Transfer characteristics:

            SF6 has excellent heat transfer characteristic, an important criterion for gaseous dielectric in power applications. The higher molecular weight together with low  gaseous viscosity of SF6 enables it to transfer heat by convention more effectively than the common gases. The co-efficient of heat transfer of SF6 is approximately 2.5 tip1es that of air under the same conditions. Hence when the breaker is energized, the temperature rise small.

e)Wide  temperature range :

            SF6 in the gaseous state follows the ideal gas laws fairly closely. Consequently the pressure change is only moderate for a considerable change in temperature. The low sublimation points of SF6 assures greater dielectric strength even at low temperature the liquification temperature is —270C at a pressure of 12 Kg / sq. cm. Hence no heater is      necessary.

 f)Toxity :

            SF6 is a non-toxic gas and produces no poisonous effect on human body. But the decomposition products produced by the discharge (SF4, SF2, S2, F2 etc.) are harmful. These products are minimized by controlling of moisture in the interrupter and by absorbing the decomposition products by synthetic zeolite.

g)Chemical and Thermal Stability:

            SF6 gas is inert and it is one of the least reactive substance known under normal operating conditions. It may be heated in quartz to 5000C without under going any decomposition. SF6 does not react with water, acids and alkalis. Tests conducted have shown          practically no corrosion for various metals exposed to SF6 

h) Various constants :

            Some of the outstanding properties of SF6 which makes it ideal for high voltage power applications are:

            Molecular weight                                                        ..          146.05

            Sublimation point at 1 atm                                          ..          63.9°C

            Density of gas at 21.19 C at 1 atm                             ..          6.139

            Viscosity liquid at 13.52°C                                         ..          0.305

            Gas at 31.16°C                                                                       ..           0.0157

            Critical temperature etc.                                              ..          318.80

            Critical pressure bars                                                    ..         37.772

            Critical volume cu.metre / g                                        ..          1.356

            Dielectric strength reI N2 = al at 50 Hs -1.2 Mhs      ..          2.3 -2.5

            Dielectric constant at 25°C 1atm                                ..          1.002049 ‘

            Thermal conductivity at 30°C, Cal / Sec. -on °C                   ..           3.36 x 10-5

3. Breakdown phenomenon in SF6 :

            Breakdown in gases takes place when the free electrons gain sufficient kinetic energy Under the influence of an electric field and collide with neutral gas molecules liberating electrons from their outer shells. A chain reaction like this results in an electron avalanche. In the case of electro-negative gases like SF6 this mechanism is slightly modified. The free electrons get attached to molecules forming negative ions. SF6 + e Z SF6 -e. This negative ions are too massive to produce collisional ionization. This attachment represents an effective way of removing electrons which would have otherwise contributed to an electron        avalanche. This particular behaviors gives rise to very high dielectric strength for electronegative gases.

            The breakdown voltage of an electro-negative gas in a uniform field is a simple function of the product of pressure and spacing. the breakdown characteristics in non-uniform fields will be different because ionization may be main aimed locally due to the presence of regions of high stress. This is the corona effect. This may be due to surface roughness, sharp comers, floating conducting or semi-conducting particles. In SF6 equipments special care is taken to ensure that such sharp points do not exist in the breaker so that a fairly uniform field distribution can be achieved.

4. Principles of interruption with SF6 :

            Techniques employed for interruption with SF6 can be classified into two :

            a)         Double pressure system.

            b)         Single pressure system.

The latter can be further classified as double flow fixed nozzle and single flow series piston breakers.

a)Double pressure system:

            The functions of insulation and interruption are performed in separate chambers. SF6 at a pressure of 14 Kg/sq. cm. is stored in a high pressure chamber. This is used for quenching the are SF6 at low pressure (2.5 to 3.5 Kg/sq. cm.) provides the insulation. When the contacts separate under fault, gas at high pressure is forced into the arcing region and then it follows in to the low pressure region. The gas thus exhausted in to the low pressure region is compressed again and returned to the high pressure reservoir. The arcing takes place between the arcing tip and arcing ring thus relieving the contact area from the stresses of arc. A filter with actual alumna is kept at the intake of the compressor so that all the decomposition products of gas can be absorbed before re-circulating in to the system. A thermostatically controlled heating system will be provided in the high pressure reservoir to prevent condensation of gas at low temperature.

b) Single pressure system :

            In this case SF6 at low pressure (3 to 6.5 Kg/sq.cm.) provides the insulation and the energy for interruption. The breaker chamber consists of the fixed and moving contacts, and the piston arrangement in the puffer type fixed contact. As the moving contact separates under fault, the piston moves forward with high speed. This compresses the SF 6 inside the hallow fixed contact and forces the gas into the arc resulting in quenching. The force with which the gas could be blast depends on the design of the piston arrangement and the energy of the control mechanism.

            A further improvement is the Magnetic puffer type breakers where the operating force on the moving contact rod is increased, by magnetic repulsive force. The short circuit current is passed through a set of coils fixed on the support of the moving contact fed. A secondary short circuit ring is positioned and magnetically coupled with primary winding. This ring acts as piston as well. This interaction between the. two fields produces a repulsive force and it pushes the moving contact rod forward. The addition of this simple magnetic drive mechanism improves the interrupting capabilities of the breaker.

            The single pressure system has an inherent advantage of simplicity in construction. It needs no additional compressor as required in double pressure system. The manufacturing cost of puffer type equipment is lower.

5. Construction:

            The arc extinguishing system employs a synchronized double flow single pressure puffer type design. This leads to a simple construction.

            The SF 6 circuit breaker mainly comprises of the following:

            1.         Breaker poles it.

            2.         Base tube and mechanism box

            3.         Control unit

4.                  Air compressor electro-hydraulic operating mechanism

1.Movable Cylinder(Puffer cylinder)    2.Moving Contact 

3.Fixed Contct 4.Insulating Nozzle

5.Fixed Piston  6.Gas Trapped in before compression 

7.Compressed gas between 1 & 5

8.The arc-being extinguished by puffer action

5.1.Breaker Pole:

            The primary functions of a circuit breaker are carried out of breaker pole. The breaker pole consists of interrupter unit and support insulator.

            The interrupter unit consists of fixed contact tube, guide tube, moving contact tube, puffer or blast cylinder and piston. The fixed contact tube is connected to the top terminal via. Contact support.

The guide tube is fastened to the lower terminal. The other ends of the fixed contact tube and guide tube which are subjected to arcing during the arc interruption are provided with arc quenching nozzles. the nozzles are made up of graphite materials which keeps the contact wear to minimum. The moving contact tube consists of spring loaded finger contacts arranged in the form of a ring. The front end of the moving contact tube is provided with an arc resistance insulating ring and arcing ring of high arc resistant materials

            The blast cylinder which is made up of high arc resistant insulating material and the moving contact tube are rigidly coupled to each other and connected to the operating rod in the supporting insulator.  The blast piston which is made up of aluminum is fastened to the lower terminal pad. The fixed contact tube, guide tube, moving contact tube, blast cylinder and blast piston are “all housed inside a porcelain ,insulator. When the circuit breaker is in close position current flows from top terminal to bottom terminal through contact support, fixed contact tube, moving contact tube and guide tube.

            The support insulator apart from supporting the interrupter unit provide insulation between live parts and earthed parts. It houses the operating rod (insulated), one end of which is connected to the interrupter unit and the other end is connected to the mechanism.

5.2. Base Tube mechanism box:

            The base tube which supports the breaker pole and the mechanism box acts as a local air reservoirs. The mechanism box enclosed electromagnetic valve, closing coil, trip coil and operating cylinder. Lower mechanism case encloses the complete lever system to transmit the operation force from the mechanism box to the breaker pole.

 5.3.Control Unit :

            This accommodates the gas pressure switches, gas density detector, gas pressure gauge, air pressure gauge, air valve heater, auxiliary relays, terminal blocks, etc. for electrical and pneumatic control and monitoring of the breaker. The control devices of the air and SF6 gas systems are common for 3 poles of the breaker.

5.4.      Compress

            Since the operating energy requirement is greater the MOCBS either air compressor or electro-hydraulic operating mechanism is used.

6. The principle of Arc extinction:

            When the circuit breaker is in closed position the moving contact assembly bridges the fixed contact tube and the guide tube. When an opening operation is initiated, the blast cylinder moves towards  the stationary blast piston so that the SF6 gas in the blast cylinder is compressed to a pressure required to quench the arc. The gas compressed during the above process is released only when the contacts are separated with moving contact assembly acting as a slide valve. At the instant of contact separation, arc strikes between the front end of the arc quenching nozzle of the fixed contact tube and the arcing ring of the moving contact tube. The compressed gas in the blast cylinder is released in the break radically as the contacts are separated. As the moving contact assembly moves further, the arc between the front end of the fixed contact nozzle and the arcing ring of the moving contact is transferred from the arcing ring of the moving contacts of nozzle of the guide tube , by gas jet and its own electrodynamics forces. the arc is further elongated by the gas flow axially into the nozzles and safety extinguished. While the arc is being interrupted, the blast cylinder which is made up of arc resistant insulating material enclosed the arc quenching assembly, there by protecting the porcelain insulator from arcing effects. After arc extinction, the moving contact assembly and blast is free of any parts of the chamber which may have a bridging effect or influence the electric field distributor.

7. Operation principles:

7.1. Opening operation:

            When the trip coil is energized, the space of pilot valve is filled with compressed air and the charging valve moves to right. The space in the operating cylinder is filled with compressed air from the air received and the operating piston is rapidly driven to the left. the operating rod connected to the operating piston is pulled in the opening direction to drive the puffer cylinder at the high speed through the insulated operating rod in the supporting insulator. the SF6 gas in the puffer cylinder is compressed and the SF6 gas blast extinguishes the arc generated between the moving and stationary contacts.

            Simultaneous with the opening operation, the cam rotates and causes the electromagnet valve to return to its original position. As a result, compressed air in the space of pilot valve is exhausted into atmosphere and the charging valve is reset to the original piston. As the open state is retained by the link mechanism attached to the end of the operating piston.

7.2. Closing operation:

            When the closing coil is energized, the arc nature is made to rotate causing the hook to be disengaged. Thus the sector line rotates to release the roller and the operating piston is driven in the closing direction by the force of the closing spring, upon completion of closing, the link mechanism is held in a state to be ready for the subsequent opening operation.

8. Caution :

            When operating the breaker observes the following:

I)Keep correct SF6 gas pressure and operating air pressure as specified.

2)Operate the stop valves properly.

3)Do not allow ingress of moisture and dust into the SF6 gas supplying point.

4)Do not pump the gas piping and air piping with any object.

5)Do not damage the gasket and seal face on the leakage tight joint in the gas and air system.

6)When opening the circuit breaker by the manual handle. ‘

                        a) confirm that the main circuit is not energized.

                        b) Be sure to turn off the control power supply.

                        c) Confirm that compressed air in receivers is released.

                        d) Confirm that manual operating rod and handle are removed before                                             changing the receiver with compressed air.

7)Do not operate any part other than the manual operating handle before filling SF6 gas at the rated pressure. Do not fill compressed air before filling SF6 gas.

8)When checking interior parts of interrupter, blow air into the system for   sufficiently long time and confirm that sufficient supply of air is available before starting any work.

9.Gas Leak Detection:

            If the gas leaks through any point, this can result in reduction of pressure and consequent loss of insulation properties Gas Leak detection is done with the help of a halogen torch type detector. The detector works on the principle that SF6 absorbs a certain number of electron when passed through an atmosphere where free electrons flow. The free electrons are generated with in the sector by a small radio active source in the presence of a carrier gas. these electrons are collected at the detector anode and give a small base line current which is amplified. When the probe of the detector is kept near the joints of the SF6 filled equipment and if SF6 leaks out there will be variation in amplified valve of current due to electron absorption by SF6. The variation can be directly calibrated to indicate the magnitude of the leak.

9.2. Detention of presence of conducting particles:

            This is done by conducting a dielectric test when the test voltage is applied there will be an internal corona if metallic particle or sharp comers are present. The presence of internal discharges is located with the help of an ultrasonic detector which is very sensitive in detecting noise due to internal corona. The sector translates the ultrasonic vibrations into audible frequencies and directly indicates the intensity of sound in decibels. The probe is pressed firmly against the grounded enclosure tube while the conductor is energized at varying AC I DC voltage. If the noise disappears at low voltage, appears at some intermediate voltage and the intensity continues to increase, it is certain that the noise is due to internal corona. It has also been observed that in some cases the small sharp potty branched in areas of high dielectric stress get burnt or the particles driven to low stress areas. The effect of conducting particles on the break down strength of SF6 is more serious for power frequency voltage test than for impulses voltage.

10. Performance of SF6 Breaker:

            SF6 gas circuit breaker combines the advantageous features minimum oil and air blast breakers and exhibits a number of additional advantages over both.

            1)It is possible to have large number of breaking operations near full breaking                                    capacity with out any undue wear.

            2)Because of the fast recovery of dielectric strength across the parting contacts                                  during interruption.

                        a) These breakers are restrict free while switching of capacitive currents.

                        b) These breakers are incentive to short time faults and are capable of                                                    breaking at every high values of RRRV and

                        c) These breakers are suitable for multi-short re closing with out any reduction                                in breaking capacity

            3)There is no necessity to change any parts in the breaking chamber even after                                   a period often years of service in the actual system. This means that there are                                       practically no problem of maintenance for SF6 breakers.

            4)The operation is noiseless since the gas is used in a closed circuit. There will                                   be no discharge of arc products into atmosphere.

            5)Puffer type breakers are autonomous and independent because no auxiliary                                 equipment is required.

            6)Fire hazards are eliminated.

RELAY

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electric circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts.

Operation

When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force approximately half as strong as the magnetic force to its relaxed position. Usually this is a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or high current application, this is to reduce arcing.

If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a spike of voltage and might cause damage to circuit components. Some automotive relays already include that diode inside the relay case. Alternatively a contact protection network, consisting of a capacitor and resistor in series, may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized with AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the solenoid. This "shading ring" creates a small out-of-phase current, which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.

By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device, a solid-state relay is made with a thyristor or other solid-state switching device. To achieve electrical isolation an optocoupler can be used which is a light – emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor.

Types of relay

• 
     Latching relay
• 
     Reed relay
• 
     Mercury-wetted relay
• 
     Polarized relay
• 
        Machine tool relay

• 
        Contactor relay
• 
        Solid state contactor relay
• 
        Buchholz relay
• 
        Forced-guided contacts relay
• 
        Solid-state relay
• 
       Overload protection relay
• 
        Pole & Throw

The following types of relays are commonly encountered:

SPST - Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology "SPNO" and "SPNC" is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity.

SPDT - Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others. Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.

DPST - Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has six terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the poles are normally open, normally closed, or one of each.

DPDT - Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight terminals, including the coil.

QPDT - Quadruple Pole Double Throw. Often referred to as Quad Pole Double Throw, or 4PDT. These have four rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to four SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil, or two DPDT relays. In total, fourteen terminals including the coil.

• 
        Protective relay
• 
        Overcurrent rela
• 
        Distance relay

SURGE ARRESTERS AND INSULATION CO-ORDINATION

I.Introduction:

            Electrical systems by nature involve two forms of protection over current and over voltage since over current protection of electrical equipment’s are well known to all, it is not elaborated here. Over voltage protection on the other hand, remains a relatively new subject to many engineers. Both types of protection equally necessary for safe system operation.

            The importance of over voltage protection for a power system can not be over emphasized. Major equipment failures, expensive repairs, personnel safety and plant down time are certain consequences of inadequate protection from voltage surges.

            Surge arresters are designed to limit dangerous system over voltages. Whether lighting-or System- produced-to safe values when they occur on power systems. An arresters is a voltage limiting device. The functions are to discharge energy associated with a system over voltage condition, limit and interruption the power fellow current that follows the transient current through the arresters and return to an insulating state prepared for the next over voltage occurrence.

            In performing its voltage limiting function, certain protective characteristics of the arrester must be coordinated with the prevailing insulation levels on the system being protected. Insulation is a basic factor that must be considered in the application of arresters on a system. Insulation co-ordination is only a small part of the over all subject of arrester application. Several other factors must also be considered by the engineer when selecting surge protection. The location of the arresters, the inter-connection of ground leads, the insulation level of the protected equipment and the rating of the surge arresters are important in protecting equipment from harmful over voltage.

II.Surge Arrester operation:

            The basic operation of a surge arrester is single. In its noffi1al state, an arrester must act as an insulator. When a high voltage surge occurs. The arrester must cease to be an insulator and must turn into a short to-ground-in million thus of a second. The operation of the most widely used type of surge arresters the value, type of arrester is dealt with. Other types of arresters, such as expulsion arresters and line Oxide arresters (Gapless arresters) are either on the decline or too new for a general discussion at this time. The active elements of a valve type arrester are the spark gap and the valve block. these are housed in a porcelain shell for atmospheric protection and external insulation.

            The gap assembly consists of a number of in-series air gaps with sufficient dielectric strength to withstand the highest power frequency on the system. During severe over voltage conditions, the gap must always, breakdown at a voltage level some what below the insulation withstand voltage level of the equipment it is protecting, other wise equipment damage and or plant down time will result. the gap therefore serves as the switch which turns on the arrester. the voltage level at which the arrester goes from the passive (insulating) to the active (conducting) state, is called the spark over voltage.

            The valve block controls what happens after the arrester has been turned on. If only a gap is used, once a surge has been diverted to ground, a dead short circuit exists between line and ground and the 50 hertz-system energy tries to flow to ground causing a fuse, re-closer or breaker to operate to interrupt the system fault current.

            The valve element does exactly as its name implies. It conducts when surge current is flowing and it ceases to conduct when 50 Hz line current begins to flow. the valve block is able to do this because It is made of a non-linear resistance material, silicon carbide. The valve block offers a very high resistance to 50 Hz current while displaying a low resistance to surge current. In addition, it also consumes the surge energy passes through it.

            Spark over and discharge voltage are the two protective characteristics of an arrester which are used in calculating margins of protection when studying insulation co-ordination. These protective characteristics are published by arrester manufacturers.

III. Arrester Classification :

            There are three classifications of surge arresters used for over voltage protection in a system.

1.Distribution Type:

            The arresters are generally used in distribution system for equipment protection. Standards distribution arresters are used for protecting oil. Insulated distribution transformers, these arresters are also used as line entrance arresters, for 11KV and 22KV lines. They are the lowest in cost.

2.Intermediate Type :

            These units cost approximately two or three times as much as equivalent distribution units. For this, the arrester offers lower maximum spark over and discharge voltage characteristics that afford a greater margin of protection plus the capability of discharging large surge levels. These arresters also have a pressure relief system to safely vent internal pressure if the unit falls before the porcelains shell has a chance to rupture. These arresters are used for the L.V. protection of Power transformers in sub-transmission sub-station i.e.110/33/22/11KV and 66/22/11KV sub-station.

3.Station Type:

            These arresters offer the best protective characteristics and the highest thermal capability but they cost about twice as much as equivalent intermediate units. Like intermediate arresters, station arresters have a pressure-relief system to safely vent internal pressure if the unit fails before a porcelain shell has a chance to rupture. These arresters are generally used in 230KV, 110KV and 66KV systems.

4.Basic insulation level:

            Basic Impulse Insulation Level (BIL) is the voltage level that equipment insulation is capable of withstanding without sustaining damage. The voltage withstand of insulation is function of time. Inorder to establish volt-time impulse insulation levels of transformers standard impulse tests standard voltage withstand tests are conducted on selected units as type test. Transformers are subjected to impulse voltage tests (at rated BIL) and a chopped wave test (15% above BIL). A steep front - of wave test (65% above BIL) is also performed on some units. A curve plotted through these three points defines the minimum insulation withstand curve for insulation co-ordination (Fig.3) The true withstand level for the transformer lies above the plotted curve.

5. Surge arrester application:

            With an understanding of how an arrester performs its functions and a knowledge of equipment insulation, we can now move into the application area and consider the several factors that comprise surge arrester application as it relates to over voltage protection of transformers, The selection of surge arresters merit are carefully considered. Various factors have to be taken into account in order to arrive at a reliable and at the same time economical means of protection. The important points are:

            i)Selection of rated voltage.

            ii)Selection according to the standards, codes, recommendations for insulation coordination.

i)Arrester rating :

            The voltage rating of an arrester is defined as the highest 50 Hz voltage at which the arrester is  designed to operate and reseal effectively after a surge has passed. Because of the system grounding and connection, this, voltage is typically higher than the phase to ground voltage / on the healthy phases will increase temporarily and it depends upon the earthing factor or the system. The selection of an arrester voltage rating for station depends upon grounding system connection and system voltage rating.

            Also the voltage impressed across an arrester during a surge discharge is directly proportional to the arrester voltage rating that is, a 10,000 Amps surge produces a higher discharge voltage if it is flowed through a 10KV arrester than it does flowed through a 9KV arrester generally it is desirable from the stand  point of equipment protection to select the lowest voltage rating for the application.

ii)Arrester location:

            Surge arresters should always be located as close as possible to the terminals of the equipment protected. In the case of transformer protection, mounting the arresters directly on the transformer is the best of insurance. An appreciable distance between the surge arrester, and the protected equipment reduces protection, afforded by the arresters and also increases the voltage impressed upon the transformer at time of surge discharge. Also because of the extra travel distance between the equipment and its arrester, surge wave could rise above the equipment damage point before the arrester comes to its rescue.

            n addition, the arrester connecting leads should be kept as short as possible because of their voltage contribution to discharge the voltage. During current flow to ground through an arrester, the interconnecting leads provide a voltage contribution because of current passing through an impedance. Depending on surge magnitude, rate of rise type of conductor, a typical value of voltage contribution to discharge voltage by interconnecting leads is i.e. 1.6 KV / foot.

            In practice, the protection range is given by the following simple formula.

                        L          =          U - Ua  x V     Where

                                                2 X S

                        L          =          Protection range of arrester in meters

                                                (measured along the line)

                        U         =          Impulse withstand voltage of protected equipment in KV.                                                   (BIL of equipment)

                        Ua       =          Spark over voltage of an arrester in K. V. (Peak) of the system.                                                       During earth fault conditions, the voltage

                        V         =          Velocity of wave progression with

                                                V line              =          300 meters /micro  sec.

                                                V cable            =          150 meters /micro  sec.

                        S          =          Steepness of incoming wave front in KV /  sec.

            (The protection range of an arrester increases with the difference between the impulse voltage IV’ and the spark over voltage Va. Therefore, an arrester with protective level tends to extend the protective range)

iii)Interconnection of Grounds:

            It is essential that the arrester ground terminal be interconnected with the transformer tank and secondary neutral to provide reliable surge protection for the transformers.

Iv)Insulation coordination: .

            Now let us consider the selection of an arrester according to standards, codes or recommendations for insulation coordination. Calculating the margin of protection is the  major part of an. insulation co-ordination study. Insulation coordination is the process of comparing the impulse strength of insulation with the voltage that can occur across the arrester for the severity of surge discharge for which the protection is desired. For a transformer, this means a comparison of the volt-time insulation withstand curve with the impulse and switching surge spark over and discharge voltage curve of the arrester.

            After determining the rated voltage of an arrester, the protective level has to be carefully selected. For complete protection of the equipment, the “protective level” viz. the level to which the over voltages are omitted by the arrester, must be lower than the withstand level by a factor of at least 1.2 for lightning surges and 15 for switching surges. The value thus selected must be checked against that given in I.S.S. or the technical details furnished by the arrester manufactures.

            To arrive at the discharge voltage of an arrester for these calculations discharge voltage for a 10,000 Amps. surge is normally used. The following formula define these two margins of protection calculations:

                                    CWW -FOW SO                    BIL -DV + IX)

            MP1 =                         CWW      x 100% MP2           =           BIL      x 100%

Where

CWW              = Chopped -waved withstand voltage of transformer winding = 1.15 BIL

FOW SO         = Front of wave spark over of surge arrester in KV (Crest)

BIL                 = Basic Impulse Insulation level of the transformer.

DV                  = Discharge voltage of the arrester at 10 KA surge.

IX                    =  Voltage contribution of connecting leads at the rate of 1.6 KV / ft.

MP                  =  Margin of Protection

            Insulation co-ordination in an important aspect to be considered when surge protective is to be afforded to transformers with reduced BILS

vi Protection against direct strokes:

i)          Protection against direct strokes can be handled by shielding the station equipment’s by                the provision of either

            a)         Mast or rods or

            b)         a net work of overhead ground wires in such a way that equipment’s and switches                                     of all lie in the protected zone.

ii)         The protected zone for a rod mast is generally assumed as a cone with a base radius                       equal to the height of the rod or mast above ground.

iii)        For small sub-stations it may be sufficient to run one or GI wires across the station                        from adjacent line towers. Extra wires may be run from the tower to the structure and                over the station.

iv)        The grounds of the station shield should be solidly tied to the station ground bus to                       prevent difference of surge potential between the shield and other g-rounded parts of                    the Station.

SAFETY IN SUB-STATION

            Prevention of damages to equipment’ s and men working on then due to any accidents is an essential aspect in any establishment. Prevention of accident which is an unforeseen one is more essential aspect of any establishment / organisation.

            As accidents occur mainly due to unsafe execution, actions and circumstances, these accidents can be avoided by adopting safety precautions, implementing safety procedures and following safety rules.

General safety methods:

I.          While execution of any work, that part of equipment or line is to be isolated from the                    supply.

2.         Using discharge rods, charging, current if any is to be discharged.

3.         Using Earth rods, all phases/conducting path are to be property earthed by securing                       good Earthing.

4.         When even opening an AB switch or removing of fuse, it is also advisable and                   preferable to wear rubber gloves.

5.         Use of belt rope is another safety method to be adopted to work on elevated places.

Safety methods to be adopted in Sub-Stations :

            In any work is to be attended to any line, first and fore most item of work is to get proper approval from the competent controlling authority for execution of the work specifying the date, time, duration,  place of work, affected parties etc. .

            For Grid feeders and Stations, the authorized officer for issue of approval is S.E.               (L.D. Centre), Madras, For 110 KV, 66 KV, radial feeders Superintending Engineer /                        Distribution is the approving authority. Similarly for 33 KV Divisional Engineer incharge of distribution is the approving authority.

             Above details with the list of authorised officers is enclosed herewith (enclosure I)

             Without obtaining proper approval from the competent authority, no L.C. should be issued nor availed by anybody. If the above procedure is not followed, it is nothing but a suicidal. Further it also amounts to murder of others.

            So, after getting proper approval, line clear is to be  issued to the requested party. But the issue and receiver should be aware/have full knowledge about the SS equipment’s, control room panel details etc.,

The line clear issuing person should clearly record the following:

            a) Which breaker have been tripped

            b) Which A.B. switches were opened

            c) Where Earthing was done

            d) What is the Safer place / Line to carry on the execution of work

Safety arrangements in control room:

1)         Key Board should be in open condition so that the keys could be taken out quickly                       during any urgency.

            Line clear keyboard should be in locked up condition to prevent other persons from           using the keys inside, before the cancellation of the Line clear permit.

The keys should be placed in the key board in an orderly manner according to their numbers. Otherwise, the required lock could not be opened in time and the possibility of opening a wrong lock may happen.

2)         Rubber mat should be provided on the floor in front of the panel board.

3)         The following details should be clearly displayed in the control room.

                        Approved operating instructions for all equipment’s.

                        Break down instructions.

Operating instructions including for the emergency operations to be carried out in the event of operation of buchholz relay. Differential relay, Group control trip, total supply failure, grid failure. The operator should be fully conversant with the above instructions and   the must be able to act quickly and effectively.

4)         The Board containing D.C. cable layout. A cable layout panel wiring diagram and Earthing layout should be displayed in the control room. This is necessary to attend the faults immediately after their occurrence.

5)         D.C. Earth leakage test system should be available.

6)         There should not be any defective power plugs, switches and bulb holders in the    control room wiring.

7)         One artificial respirator should be available in ready condition.

8)         Stools made of insulating material should be used for operating high tension          communication equipment’s (Telephones).

9)         Adequate number of rubber gloves, belt ropes, discharge rods, and earth rods in     good condition should be available in the control room.

Battery room:

1.         Battery room should be in locked up condition.

“Naked flame is prohibited inside of the battery room” and “Smoking prohibited” warnings should be kept written on the battery room door.

2.         One exhaust fan should be functioning.

3.         Accurate D.C. cell testing volt meters, hydro meters and thermometers should be               available in the battery room.

4.         Pilot cell voltage, specific gravity and temperature should be taken every week.

5.         The specific gravity should not be maintained below 1195 at 15.6°C and below 1183                    at 32. 20°C. The battery should not be allowed to discharge below 1160.

6.         Cell voltage should be maintained between 1.95 V to 2.05 V. The battery should not                     be allowed to discharge below 1.85 V.

7.         Battery should be allowed neither to over charge not to undercharge. It should not also                 be kept idle.

8.         Electrolyte level must be checked in every shift. It must be ensured that the level is                       10mm above the top of the plates.

9.         Weak cells should be rectified then and there.

10.       While taking specific gravity readings, care must be taken not to allow the acid to                         come in contact with the eyes.

Safety adopted for transformers:

1.         Transformers are to be maintained periodically as per schedule. Switches on HV side                     and LV side are to be isolated after reducing the Load by tripping the breakers.

2.         Kiosks and OCB : All the Live parts of the kiosk should have H. T. insulation tape. To be protected by wiremesh. It should be vermin proof. Keys are to be kept with interlock. When ever to open the door of the kiosk, kiosk should be tripped link should be opened by the interlock key. The opening of the links are to be verified physically. After doing all the above precautions, the tank should be lowered down. Proper care is to be taken and it should be kept in mind that supply is available at the roofing.

            Oil leak should be arrested. Back feeding is avoided.

            Cotton waste should not be used for cleaning purpose.

3.         AB switches:

Handle of the AB switch is to be earthed properly. Blades should be kept at opening position. It should not be closed automatically, proper maintenance is to be done for this. AB switch blades are to be opened fully. AB switches are to be kept locked on both            conditions. AB switches are to be opened only after tripping the breakers.

4.         Lightning arresters :

            Lightning arresters are used to bypass the sudden lightning surges and thereby to protect the equipment’s.Only after proper discharging is done on lightning arresters, it should be attempted to attend to maintenance.Fencing is to be provided around lightning arresters. Door arrangements with lock is to be provided. Separate earth connections are to be provided for lightning arresters.

 5.        Current transformers:

            Current transformer secondary side is to be short circuited during maintenance and testing. Before doing any testing, the current transformers are to be discharged.

6.         Potential transformers:

            Potential transformers primary side is to be Earthed during maintenance and testing. Secondary side is to be earthed at only one place. Whenever giving connection, or removing meters on the secondary side of die potential transformer, the fuses are to be removed and renewed.

7.         Capacitors and H. T. Coupling capacitor:

            Capacitors should be provided inside fencing. Before attempting to do any work, proper discharging is to be done. They only it should be attempted for maintenance work. Proper Earthing should be provided during the execution of the work. After completion of the work, Earthing is to be removed.

8.         Earth pits:

            Sub-station earth connections should be properly maintained so that the earth            resistance is minimum. Water should be poured in the earth pits daily. Earth connections, must be capable of protecting the persons working in the electrical equipment’s and protect in the equipment’s during heavy fault current. Earth resistance should not exceed the following limits.

            Grid stations: I Ohm Other sub-stations ..2 Ohm.

            Distribution transformers ..5 Ohm.

            They must be a clearance of 5 feet, between the sub-station fence and the electrical equipment’s / live points. The fence should be earthed at every 200 feet, separately. Generally the fence Earthing should not be linked with the sub-station Earthing. But if the clearance  is less than 5 ft. feet fence Earthing must be linked with the sub-stations Earthing. The iron gates in the sub-station fence should also be earthed separately.

9.         Fire fighting equipments:

            These equipment’s are to be kept on good and working condition. Proper schedule of maintenance is to be done for keeping them in good conditions. These equipment’s should be kept at an easily accessible place so as to use them immediately under emergency. Dry sand heaps are to be available wherever necessary. Empty buckets are to be provided.

 10.      S.S. Yard:

            1.         S.S. yard should be provided with fencing.

            2.         Unauthorised persons should not enter into the yard

            3.         Cable ducks are to be provided with slabs.

            4.         Best illumination is to be provided for the yard.

            5.         A warning board with a display that “Umbrella” stick Dogs should not be brought                         inside the  yard” is to be provided at the entrance of the yard.

            6.         A separate room is to- be provided for keeping the empty drums. At the                                         entrance of the room “No smoking” Board is to be provided.

General

1.         The territory of the work spot which was declared safety to work is to be clearly identified by tying a rope. Inside this boundary is to be further identified by hanging a green flag. Outside this boundary where it is unsafe to work is to be identified by a red flag.

2.         Wherever necessary caution boards like “Men on working” “Don’t Switch on“ Safe for work” etc., are to be provided.

3.         If any unauthorized, unskilled staff happen to go near the equipment’s he can do so with the assistance and under the vigil of an experienced, authorised staff.

4.         Conversation is strictly prohibited wile execution of any work. It should be                        totally avoided especially when work is being carried out on any bus bars.

5.         Placing the materials, tools and plants and men are to be at a safety clearance from the Live. parts.

            6.         T & Ps like spanners etc. are to be lifted and brought down only by means of                                 ropes and not by throwing and catching.

7.         Study and safe ladder with steps at convenient intervals is to be used. To avoid slippage of the ladder, necessary precaution is to be taken at the bottom of the ladder by providing empty gunnies.

            8.         Lifting of any ladder or rods (Earth) are to be done only horizontally. Vertical

                         lifting may cause damages by interrupting with the safe clearances.

            9          The bus and line links art’; to be kept opened while doing work on OCB and

About the Author

How can i plug a 25 foot speaker cable (16 gauge) 1/4 inch, into an amp. ?

How can i plug a 25 foot speaker cable (16 gauge) 1/4 inch, into my amp. I have a sony amplifier. Please help! This plug looks like it would go right into an instrument but will not go into the amp. Is there an adapter perhaps?

You have to be more specific about what the inputs on your Sony head unit look like. If you have a red and black squares with round holes in the center, then yes, you need cut the wire. Then you split the two pieces of copper (one is negative, one positive) and then strip away the rubber coating. Standard electric wire cutters should have 16 gauge and be able to do this without harming the integrity of the copper. You then just insert the copper into each hole and whammo... you're up and rockin'.

Strain Gauge circuit

	Hobart 500487 Handler 125 115-Volt 30-to-125 Amp Arc Single-Phase Wire Welding Package List Price: $454.95 Sale Price: $289.99 You save: $164.96 (36%)
	Description Rugged and portable, the Handler 125 wire feed welder operates with 115-volt household current. Comes ready to weld without shielding gas using 0.030-0.035in. flux cored wire. This unit has an optional solenoid valve for welding with 0...

Hobart 500500 Handler 140 115-Volt 25-to-140 Amp Gas/Metal/Arc Single-Phase Wire Welding Package List Price: $549.95 Sale Price: $479.99 You save: $69.96 (13%)

Description The Handler 140 from Hobart comes ready to weld with or without shielding glass, and it expertly handles a wide variety of solid, mild steel or stainless steel, flux cored and aluminum wires. This handy MIG welder operates from 115-volt standard household current and features four output voltage settings with wire feed tracking and a purge setting, both of which provide quick and easy adjustment for different materials and thickness...

	Campbell Hausfeld WG2060 90 Amp MIG/Flux Versa-Arc Welder Sale Price: $249.99
	Description The Campbell Hausfeld WG2060 95 Amp MIG/Flux Versa-Arc welder can handle 24-gauge to 3/16-inch steel and accepts wire sizes of .024 inch, .030 inch, and .035 inch on 4-inch or 8-inch spools. A built-in gas liner and valve make the Campbell Hausfeld WG2060 welder MIG ready...

	Whirlpool PT400L 4-Feet 4-Wire 30-Amp Dryer Power Cord List Price: $17.99 Sale Price: $16.19 You save: $1.80 (10%)
	Description M CORD-POWER

	Whirlpool PT220L 4-Feet 3-Wire 30-Amp Dryer Power Cord Sale Price: $17.99
	Description M CORD-POWER WAS 4392905 TC0508

	Whirlpool PT220 4-Feet 3-Wire 40-Amp Range Power Cord Sale Price: $15.99
	Description M CORD - POWER

	StreetWires PSK04Ri Power Station Amp Kit - Power / audio cable kit - 4 AWG - red Sale Price: $53.95
	Description StreetWires 4 Gauge Power Delivery Kits are the perfect answer for large or multiple amplifier installations. They feature everything the DIY installer needs, making the task of installing your new system quick and painless...

	IMC Audio 0 Gauge Power Cable Wire BY THE FOOT Sale Price: $3.99

	StreetWires UFX807S 8 AWG Power Cable Clear 7 ft. List Price: $17.99 Sale Price: $14.89
	Description Ever since StreetWires invented mobile audio power cable, they have continued to innovate and improve upon their industry standard. For unbridled power flow and ultra-low DC resistance, Ultra Flow cable is built from the purest oxygen-free (OFC), fine-stranded copper and the finest electrical-grade insulation...

	45A Power Pole Connector (4 Black, 4 Red) Anderson-Sermos Sale Price: $8.95
	Description PowerPole connectors (formerly known as Sermos connectors) from Anderson Power Products have been very popular with electric airplanes and sailplanes. They were the first low-resistance connectors - made of silver-plated copper...

Your Garden Amp Outdoor Lighting, is There Any Risk of Injury

There is a common belief about electricity that says that it is the amp that can cause real injuries and not the volts. While this is not entirely true it is not false either. You see the truth is that it’s actually a combination of the two that can cause serious damage. So in your outdoor garden, amp outdoor lighting rating is something to consider carefully when safety is concerned. If you don’t know what I am talking about, here is a simple example that should bring you up to speed. Let’s imagine we have water running through a garden hose, then the voltage would be the force that pushes water through the hose, the flow rate of the current would be the amps and the hose would represent the resistance.

These low voltage system when used in your garden are very safe. You could easily compare it with a 12 Volt flashlight battery. You could easily touch them both without feeling a thing; this is because the amperage rate delivered by the batteries is too low to cause any injuries.

So for your outdoor lighting, the amp rating will usually be extremely low, this is very similar to the light bulbs located in your car headlight. The low voltage which is below 50 does not have the necessary power to harm a human being whether it is an child or an adult.

Low Voltage Lights Safer For Your Kids

Most people use low voltage garden, amp outdoor lighting ratings to make sure that the cost of operating the light stay low. The other major factor is that it is completely safe for you children or pets that might think that the lights are toys; they are then used to eliminate any risk of injuries. And finally, low voltage system does not represent a risk for fire, as higher voltage system can create sparks and fire especially near water or under heavy moisture condition.

These are things you really need to consider when designing your lighting scheme for the garden area of your home. Do you need bright lights or could low voltage lights do the same job done? In your design just make sure the garden amp outdoor lighting rating are low. The only exception would be a need for brightness and still this can be limited to a specific and limited area. Keep in mind that higher voltage system will almost always need to be placed in conduit, on the other hand low voltage system will only need to have waterproofed wires and buried in a small trench.

If you really feel concerned by the potential risks involved with electrical systems, you should look at solar power systems. They require no wiring and the garden amp outdoor lighting is bound to be insignificant eliminating the risk of damage or injury.

About the Author

If you liked this article about Garden Amp Outdoor Lighting, please visit my website, we provide useful information about the various aspects of outdoor lighting.

can I hook up the remote wire for my amp to the switched power wire?

My CD player for some reason is giving power to my remote wire when the car and radio is off. Believe me I checked from the back of the radio, and I've never heard of this happening. So I tied the remote wire from the amp into the switched power wire on the back of the deck, works the same I guess. I was wondering if that will cause problems later because of different voltage or whatnot.

same thing it will be fine

Episode 2: Subaru WRX: Running an amp power wire, part 2

	Black & Decker CV6B / Vector VEC004 / Travel Mate / Rubbermaid / 6.0 Amp AC/DC Converter List Price: $35.55 Sale Price: $16.95
	Description Black & Decker CV6B Travel Mate / Vector VEC004 / Rubbermaid 6.0 Amp AC/DC Converter - 70 WATTS, 120 VOLT. USE WITH THERMOELECTRIC PRODUCTS, SUCH AS PORTABLE COOLERS, THAT DRAW ANYWHERE UP TO 6 AMPS. INSTANTLY CONVERTS 120 VOLT AC HOUSEHOLD CURRENT INTO 12 VOLTS...

	CTA Digital AC to 12v DC 500mA Cigarette Lighter Converter Sale Price: $1.99
	Description This converter gives you a liberty to use your car charger as an AC/DC adapter/charger.

	Pyramid PS21KX 20 Amp Power Supply List Price: $175.99 Sale Price: $82.59 You save: $93.40 (53%)
	Description Perfect For Home, Shop And Hobbyist Input: 115v Ac, 60hz, 450 Watts Output: 13.8v Dc 18 Amp Constant/20 Amp Surge Powers Cellular Phones, 12v Dc Cb Radios, Scanners, Ham Radios, Auto-sound Systems, Etc...

GSI GPROKIT8 8 Gauge PRO Power AMP Kit List Price: $24.99 Sale Price: $22.78 You save: $2.21 (9%)

Description - 17 ft. 8 Gauge Power Cable - 3 ft. 8 Gauge Ground Cable - 17 ft. Blue RCA Cable - 25 ft. 16 Gauge Speaker Cable - 17 ft. 18 Gauge Blue Remote Turn-on Wire - 6 ft. Split Loom Cable Conduit - Gold AGU In-Line Fuse Holder - Gold AGU Fuse 50A - 8 Gauge Gold Ring Terminal - 8 Gauge Gold Spade Terminal - Gold Speaker Terminal - Butt Connector - Self Tapping Screw - Black Grommet - Cable Tie

	Car Charger for the Amazon Kindle 1 (1st Generation) - 1 Amp output for faster charging Sale Price: $19.95
	Description Custom designed to safely meet the needs of any professional; the car Charger provides a versatile solution to the confusing mass of cords taking up space in your glove compartment; allowing you to safely focus on the road.

	FM Transmitter with integrated Car Charger for the HTC EVO 4G - uses Gomadic TipExchange Technology List Price: $44.95 Sale Price: $34.95
	Description Transmits clear and rich audio for over 30 feet while recharging your HTC EVO 4G Uses Digital PLL sound coding technology to maintain stable and high fidelity sound quality. Can operate anywhere from the 88...

	DEWALT DW849 8 Amp 7-Inch/9-Inch Electronic Variable-Speed Right-Angle Polisher List Price: $382.54 Sale Price: $165.44 You save: $217.10 (57%)
	Description The heavy duty DEWALT DW849 12-amp 7/9-inch right-angle polisher performs smoothly and consistently with heat-treated, precision-cut gears and powerful all-ball bearing motor. It has a conveniently located variable speed dial which allows the user to set the maximum speed from 1,000 to 3,000 for different materials and full power load support with the electronic module...

	Kawasaki 840017 Green 1/2-Inch 7.0 Amp Impact Wrench Kit List Price: $79.99 Sale Price: $73.23 You save: $6.76 (8%)
	Description Heavy-duty impact wrench cranks out 220 ft.-lbs of torque for tough tightening and loosening of fasteners. Cordless: No, Max. Torque (ft.-lbs.): 220, Impacts Per Minute (IPM): 2,700, Drive (in.): 1/2, Speed - No Load (RPM): 2,100, Reversible: Yes, Amps: 7, Volts: N/A, Battery Included: N/A, Charger Included: N/A, Case Included: Yes

	Griffin Technology 4030-ROAD RoadTrip FM Transmitter & Auto Charger and Cradle for iPod List Price: $44.99 Sale Price: $7.18
	Description Convenient one-piece transmitter and charger module uses any frequency from 87.7 to 107.9 Compatible with all docking iPods, including the iPod nano and the new iPod with video Backlit screen shows which frequency RoadTrip is currently broadcasting Transmitter can be removed and used with a Mac or PC computer Plugs into any auto power outlet or lighter adapter.

	Adapter Car Lighter Voyager List Price: $18.69 Sale Price: $13.88 You save: $4.81 (26%)
	Description Main FeaturesManufacturer: PlantronicsManufacturer Part Number: 69520-01Manufacturer Website Address: www.plantronics.comProduct Type: Auto AdapterInput Voltage: 12 V DC Input Connector: 1 x Automobile Cigarette LighterCompatibility: Plantronics Voyager 510 Bluetooth Headset

Car Stereo Power Amplifier - High Performance Car Audio AMP

If robust sound quality in your car is what you're after, then we are happy to offer you this 4-channel AMP designed for those wanting thunder performance from their car audio equipment.

This well designed car audio amplifier gives extra power to the speakers in your car audio system to help produce the sound quality any true audiophile needs.

The price and specifications on this model will amaze you. How are we able to offer you such a great deal? Simply by giving you a direct from manufacturer price. And with our no M.O.Q. policy and drop shipping direct to your door, we make it easy for you to order it now to upgrade your ride next weekend.

China Manufacturer Specifications

• Primary Function: Car Stereo Power Amplifier
• Channels: 4 / 3 / 2 Channel
• RMS Power Standard: 4 x 40 watts
• RMS Power (4 ohm): 4 x 60 watts
• SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio): >95dB
• Stereo Separation @ 1 Khz: >62dB
• T.H.D: <0.05

About the Author

The Best Distributor Of Chinese Wholesale Electronics.
China Electronics Wholesale and Dropship: Gadgets, Cell Phones, Car DVD Players, Digital Cameras, Digital Camcorders, MP4 Players, MP3 Players, Spy Cameras, Security Products, PC Accessories, and more...
Visit the website: http://www.boutic.power-heberg.com

i cant turn on a power amp for the car ,,,remote??

hey i just installed a car amp and it went just until i wanted to turn it on OF COURSE im using an mp3 reproductor instead of a car stereo and im aware that to turn on the car amp i have to connect the antenna to the REMOTE input .... what can i do to make it turn on without the need of the antenna power of the stero which im not using.. maybe i can put the 12v into the remote??? maybe not ..

yes that is all you need a litle switch with 12 volts

Amplifier Tips : Car Amplifier Wire Sizes

	Reliance Controls 31410CRK Pro/Tran 10-Circuit 30 Amp Generator Transfer Switch Kit With Transfer Switch, 10-Foot Power Cord, And Power Inlet Box For Up To 7,500-Watt Generators List Price: $500.00 Sale Price: $379.99 You save: $120.01 (24%)
	Description The Reliance Controls Corporation 10-circuit 30 Amp transfer switch kit is a complete turn-key kit with everything needed to make a professional transfer switch installation in a home or office. It is designed to enable the wiring system of the building to accept the full power of a portable generator, which can run multiple electrical appliances and devices during a power outage...

	Reliance Controls 30-Amp (6-Circuit) Power Transfer Kit w/ 25 Foot Cord - 30216AK
	Description Safest Way to Distribute Power Eliminates dangerous backfeeds and electrical overload...

	Tekpower HY-1502 DC Power Supply, 1.5 - 15 Volts @ 2 Amp List Price: $69.99 Sale Price: $39.99
	Description The Tekpower HY1502 DC regulated power supply is designed and engineered for tattoo machines. It has a fixed current output at 2 amps, you can control the speed by adjusting the voltage from 1.5 volts to 15 volts, the higher the voltage, the higher the speed.

	Bosch 1617EVSPK 12 Amp 2-1/4-Horsepower Plunge and Fixed Base Variable Speed Router Kit with 1/4-Inch and 1/2-Inch Collets List Price: $426.00 Sale Price: $202.47 You save: $223.53 (52%)
	Description Handle a broad range of routing applications with the versatile Bosch 1617EVSPK Plunge and Fixed-Base Variable-Speed Router Kit. This router kit includes a powerful motor with advanced speed control technology, precision bases, and plenty of advanced features to help get a variety of jobs done quickly and accurately...

	DEWALT D26453K 3 Amp 5-Inch Variable Speed Random Orbit Sander Kit with Cloth Dust Bag List Price: $151.80 Sale Price: $79.00 You save: $72.80 (48%)
	Description Featuring DeWalt's exclusive Controlled Finishing System (CFS), the D26453K random orbit sander delivers speed and precision for beautiful, smooth finished products. The CFS controls pad speed mechanically to minimize the unsightly gouging that can occur when you start up other sanders, while a 3...

	Black & Decker DR650B 6.5 Amp 1/2-Inch Dual Range Hammer Drill with Storage Bag List Price: $135.16 Sale Price: $68.98 You save: $66.18 (49%)
	Description Ideal for drilling and driving in concrete and masonry, drilling holes through wood, metal, and plastic, and driving screws and other fasteners through a variety of material, the DR650B Black & Decker 1/2-inch Dual Range Hammerdrill comes with a powerful 6...

GSI GPROKIT8 8 Gauge PRO Power AMP Kit List Price: $24.99 Sale Price: $22.78 You save: $2.21 (9%)

Description - 17 ft. 8 Gauge Power Cable - 3 ft. 8 Gauge Ground Cable - 17 ft. Blue RCA Cable - 25 ft. 16 Gauge Speaker Cable - 17 ft. 18 Gauge Blue Remote Turn-on Wire - 6 ft. Split Loom Cable Conduit - Gold AGU In-Line Fuse Holder - Gold AGU Fuse 50A - 8 Gauge Gold Ring Terminal - 8 Gauge Gold Spade Terminal - Gold Speaker Terminal - Butt Connector - Self Tapping Screw - Black Grommet - Cable Tie

	Canopus ADVC-PSU5V Power Supply AC Adaptor Kit List Price: $40.00 Sale Price: $37.74
	Description Canopus is regarded as an industry leader in nonlinear video editing products because of its innovative hardware and software designs. By setting new standards in performance, functionality and stability, Canopus has become a favorite of video professionals and enthusiasts.

	StreetWires PSK04Ri Power Station Amp Kit - Power / audio cable kit - 4 AWG - red Sale Price: $53.95
	Description StreetWires 4 Gauge Power Delivery Kits are the perfect answer for large or multiple amplifier installations. They feature everything the DIY installer needs, making the task of installing your new system quick and painless...

	Cables Unlimited ZIP-PWR-NB ZipLinq Retractable Universal Notebook Power Cord List Price: $21.11 Sale Price: $10.88 You save: $10.23 (48%)
	Description Zip-Linq Notebook Power Cable Kit - Power cable kit (110 VAC) Marketing Description Ziplinqs revolutionary Notebook or Laptop power cable allows you eliminate cable clutter by simply replacing the standard bulky cable with this compact retractable one...

Go Through These Guidelines before Purchasing your Power Tool Batteries

Every cordless power tool works on batteries, whether it is cordless phone or some other cordless tool. It is not always necessary to consider battery voltage while choosing it for your power tool batteries. For the battery tools, it is necessary to look in to the factors such as ampere/hour and battery type. It has been seen that due to battery performance many 14.2 volt tools outperforms 19.4 volt tools.

To rate a cordless tool battery, ampherage hours and voltage are used. You should not be surprised to know that amperage hours are used to determine how long a battery will last and voltage refers to the flow or strength of the electrical current.

It has been proved that higher the voltage in conjunction with higher amp/hr the stronger the battery. You will find that cordless power tool batteries are usually available in 1.4, 2.4 and 3.0 amp/hr. You can find these ratings either at the upper or the lower end of the battery.

When choosing a Cordless Power tool battery, you need also consider the charging time. Many old batteries need to be charged every hour whereas the output of work is too less. And, usually they need to be charged for more than six hours. But, if you have more work to do then it will be total wastage of time. Batteries of good companies such as Makita, Bosch, Hitachi, etc., usually require just 15 to 20 minutes getting recharged.

When purchasing high cost power tool batteries it is also important to follow maintenance instructions given by manufacturers. Batteries need to be serviced regularly for longer life. And, once the battery is worn out it needs to be replaced. But, during replacement it’s economical to change the entire tool kit. This will cost less compare to purchase of new two batteries.

About the Author

Power Tool Battery UK an Online Power Tool Battery Shop offer highest quality Power tool battery like Makita batteries , Bosch batteries, dewalt batteries, ryobi batteries, metabo akku, Hitachi batteries .

trying 2 install 2-1000w sony amps,already have one scotch power cap.kit will i need another for amp#2?

also which way would b the best way 2 wire 2-12in duel voice coil speakers

A cap won't be needed for those amps.

To suggest the best way to wire a DVC you need to provide what ohm they are.

More info here http://spkrbopx1.spaces.live.com

DIY ST6 Single-end DC Pure Class A Power Amplifier

Brand New 2008 Power Acoustik Pcx-5f 5 Farad Digital Display Car Audio Capacitor with Neon Lights + Digital Blue Voltmeter Sale Price: $62.99

Description BRAND NEW 2008 POWER ACOUSTIK PCX-5F 5 FARAD DIGITAL DISPLAY CAR AUDIO CAPACITOR WITH NEON LIGHTS + DIGITAL BLUE VOLTMETER Features: Digital Power Stabilizing Capacitor 5 Farad Power 24 Volts DC 8 Digital Blue LEDs inside glass window Tinted plexi-glass window Electronics Polarity Protection Circuit Over Voltage Protection Circuit Clear Lucite Mounting Brackets Satin finish with chrome end caps and mounting brackets Platinum plated terminals

Brand New 2008 Power Acoustik Pcx-3f 3 Farad Digital Display Car Audio Capacitor with Neon Lights + Digital Blue Voltmeter Sale Price: $48.99

Description BRAND NEW 2008 POWER ACOUSTIK PCX-3F 3 FARAD DIGITAL DISPLAY CAR AUDIO CAPACITOR WITH NEON LIGHTS + DIGITAL BLUE VOLTMETER Features: Digital Power Stabilizing Capacitor 3 Farad Power 24 Volts DC 8 Digital Blue LEDs inside glass window Tinted plexi-glass window Electronics Polarity Protection Circuit Over Voltage Protection Circuit Clear Lucite Mounting Brackets Satin finish with chrome end caps and mounting brackets Platinum plated terminals

Brand New 2008 Power Acoustik Pcx-20f 20 Farad Digital Display Car Audio Capacitor with Neon Lights + Digital Blue Voltmeter Sale Price: $94.99

Description BRAND NEW 2008 POWER ACOUSTIK PCX-20F 20 FARAD DIGITAL DISPLAY CAR AUDIO CAPACITOR WITH NEON LIGHTS + DIGITAL BLUE VOLTMETER Features: Digital Power Stabilizing Capacitor 20 Farad Power 24 Volts DC Internally Stacked Internally Stacked Capacitors (foil-carbon) 8 Digital Blue LEDs inside glass window Tinted plexi-glass window Electronics Polarity Protection Circuit Over Voltage Protection Circuit Clear Lucite Mounting Brackets Satin finish with chrome end caps and mounting brackets Platinum plated terminals Aluminum case gift box with front glass window

BMW 318TI SOUND SYSTEM

	Raptor RANL1502 150 Amp ANL Fuses, 24K Gold Plated, 2 Pack List Price: $3.95 Sale Price: $2.15
	Description Fuse 150 Amp ANL-GOLD 2 Pack

	DB Link ANL150 150 Amp ANL Fuses List Price: $5.99 Sale Price: $4.99 You save: $1.00 (17%)
	Description Db Link Anl150 Anl Fuses (150 Amp)

	Raptor RANL2502 250 Amp ANL Fuses, 24K Gold Plated, 2 Pack Sale Price: $3.95
	Description Fuse 250 Amp ANL-GOLD 2 Pack

	Pyramid RY6 1 Male to 2 Female RCA Adaptor Sale Price: $1.99
	Description RCA Y connector : 1 Male plug 2 Female jacks

GSI GPROKIT8 8 Gauge PRO Power AMP Kit List Price: $24.99 Sale Price: $22.78 You save: $2.21 (9%)

Description - 17 ft. 8 Gauge Power Cable - 3 ft. 8 Gauge Ground Cable - 17 ft. Blue RCA Cable - 25 ft. 16 Gauge Speaker Cable - 17 ft. 18 Gauge Blue Remote Turn-on Wire - 6 ft. Split Loom Cable Conduit - Gold AGU In-Line Fuse Holder - Gold AGU Fuse 50A - 8 Gauge Gold Ring Terminal - 8 Gauge Gold Spade Terminal - Gold Speaker Terminal - Butt Connector - Self Tapping Screw - Black Grommet - Cable Tie

	PYLE PLRC3 3ft Stereo RCA Cable Sale Price: $2.99
	Description li> 3' Dual RCA Spiral Braid Cable OFHC (Oxygen Free Hyper Conductor) Golg Contact RCA Connectors

Legacy LAMP4 1600 Watt 4 Gauge Amplifier Installation Kit List Price: $33.99 Sale Price: $18.92 You save: $15.07 (44%)

Description 20ft 4 Gauge Clear Red Power Wire 4ft 4 Gauge Clear Black Ground Wire 20ft 16 Gauge Blue Remote Turn-on 20ft 12 Gauge Speaker Wire 20ft Right Angle RCA Interconnect Audio Cable 6ft Black Split Loom Cable Conduit AGU Type 60A Gold Plated Fuse Water Resistant In-line Fuse Holder 2 Ring Terminals: 4 G 2 Spade Terminals: 4 G 5 Spade Terminals: 14-16 G 3 Butt Connectors 20 Cable Ties 1 Black Grommet

	PYLE PLA2378 2 Channel 2000 Watts Bridgeable Mosfet Amplifier List Price: $133.99 Sale Price: $67.00 You save: $66.99 (50%)
	Description Freq resp: 20 Hz - 50 kHz A+/-3 dB Output power @ 14.4V DC, 50 Hz 2 ohm Stable MOSFET power supply PWM system Glass epoxy PCB Silver RCA inputs Custom terminal block for speaker connection Thermal/overload/short circuit protection Input imp: 47K ohm Soft turn on/off Advanced protection circuitry Signal-to-noise ratio: >90 dB Dim:10...

	QuickStart Polish List Price: $9.95 Sale Price: $1.48
	Description For Beginners, Travelers & Advanced Speakers:  What is most difficult about learning another language? Getting started! Quickstart Polish Immersion software is designedto for you to start quickly, and maximizes the full potential of the widely accepted method of learning a language--the "Immersion" Method...

	Understanding Your CAR STEREO List Price: $5.00
	Description You know that anyone who has a thirst for knowledge can never have enough of it; my thoughts exactly. This report brings together many basic pieces of Understanding Your CAR STEREO; that you will ever read...

Getting Your Car Amplifier Up And Running

A car amplifier can help you get great quality music from your car audio system with little corruption. Getting one means you can hook up a subwoofer to give your those great bass notes or get better volume from your stereo. If you are looking to install a car amp, but unsure where to start then here are the basic steps to set you on your way.

First: make sure that you have disconnected the wiring from the negative battery terminal. This is vitally important because until you have done this interfering in any way with the electrics of your car is highly dangerous.

Second: purchase an amplifier kit from a car audio supply store. These should have all the wiring necessary for your installation. Check that the wiring is the correct gauge for the power of amp that you have bought (i.e. the RMS). Once you have this kit then you should have all the equipment you need, although you will still require a pair of wire cutters and wire strippers.

Third: decide where you are putting your amp in your car. Although it is tempting to show off your new equipment, the first rule of car security is to keep anything that might be stolen out of sight. It is for this reason that many people choose to put their amps in the car boot or under a seat – like the passenger seat. This keeps them out of sight but does not make wiring in your amplifier more difficult than it has to be.

Next: you should have a red ‘live' wire and a black ‘ground' wire. The red wire connects to the positive (+) side of the battery and should have a fuse (of an appropriate size for your amp) within 45 centimetres, or 18 inches, of the battery. This should then run through the firewall of your car, under the carpet, to the amplifier.

The black wire connects to the negative (-) terminal of the amp and needs to touch a piece of clean, bare metal on the car frame – i.e. metal that is not painted or rusty, a metal bolt or screw is a good place to connect to. This wire will also run under the carpet of the car away from the amplifier.

There should also be RCA cables that will connect the amp to the head unit of your stereo. To avoid mix up, keep these as far as possible from the power wires although keeping them under the carpet.

The next step is to link the amp to the main stereo using the blue wire. Connect this to the blue wire of your stereo system and you will be able to access your car amplifier from the head unit.

Finally, connect your amp to the car speakers, again keeping the wires as separate and distinct from the power cables as possible. Once this is done, your amp should be fully operational.

If you are interested in buying a car amplifier or an amp installation kit, then take a look at www.bassjunkies.com and see what they have available.

About the Author

Rachel Lawrence writes articles and press releases about car amplifiers and subwoofers for www.bassjunkies.com.

Can I connect my car amp to a DC 12V outlet?

I want to hook up my new car amplifier. Unfortunately, there's really no way to run a cable from the battery to the amp. Can I hook up the amp to the 12Volt DC outlet, and if so, how?

There is always a way to run your power wire. As far as hooking it up to something like a cigarette lighter, I wouldn't suggest doing that. 1) it's not the right size wire, and you will cause yourself some electrical issues 2) It's ran through your factory fuse box and will no doubt be underrated for you application.

Car Audio : Choosing a Car Amp

	iLuv Power Kit for iPhone & iPod - Black (I159) List Price: $59.99 Sale Price: $29.95
	Description Charge your iPhone/iPod or any other USB devices with car/AC adapterSupports 4 different AC plug types

	jWIN Headset/Car Kit w/Bluetooth (JBTH500) List Price: $99.99 Sale Price: $37.99
	Description Bluetooth Headset w/Speakerphone Docking .. Bluetooth Headset w/Speakerphone Docking ..

	20th Century Masters: Millennium Collection Sale Price: $51.95
	Description Original Motorola 98359/ SYN9347 Handsfree Speaker-phone turns your Motorola V-60t/ v60t/ V-60g/ v60g cellular phone into a speakerphone!Enjoy the convenience of hands free conversations - wherever and whenever you need it! Prop it up for tabletop use or clip it on and go with optional belt clip accessory...

	Kawasaki 840017 Green 1/2-Inch 7.0 Amp Impact Wrench Kit List Price: $79.99 Sale Price: $73.23 You save: $6.76 (8%)
	Description Heavy-duty impact wrench cranks out 220 ft.-lbs of torque for tough tightening and loosening of fasteners. Cordless: No, Max. Torque (ft.-lbs.): 220, Impacts Per Minute (IPM): 2,700, Drive (in.): 1/2, Speed - No Load (RPM): 2,100, Reversible: Yes, Amps: 7, Volts: N/A, Battery Included: N/A, Charger Included: N/A, Case Included: Yes

	Kicker 09ANL150 150 Amp ROHS Compliant ANL Fuse - Package of 2 Sale Price: $14.82
	Description Rohs-compliant Anl Fuse 150 Amp 2 Pk

	Kicker 09ANL200 200 Amp ROHS Compliant ANL Fuse - Package of 2 List Price: $12.95 Sale Price: $12.90
	Description Rohs-compliant Anl Fuse 200 Amp 2 Pk

	LG VX8500 OEM Travel Charger Sale Price: $2.19
	Description LG SSAD0020901 Travel Charger for LG KE850 Prada

GSI GPROKIT8 8 Gauge PRO Power AMP Kit List Price: $24.99 Sale Price: $22.78 You save: $2.21 (9%)

Description - 17 ft. 8 Gauge Power Cable - 3 ft. 8 Gauge Ground Cable - 17 ft. Blue RCA Cable - 25 ft. 16 Gauge Speaker Cable - 17 ft. 18 Gauge Blue Remote Turn-on Wire - 6 ft. Split Loom Cable Conduit - Gold AGU In-Line Fuse Holder - Gold AGU Fuse 50A - 8 Gauge Gold Ring Terminal - 8 Gauge Gold Spade Terminal - Gold Speaker Terminal - Butt Connector - Self Tapping Screw - Black Grommet - Cable Tie

	StreetWires PSK04Ri Power Station Amp Kit - Power / audio cable kit - 4 AWG - red Sale Price: $53.95
	Description StreetWires 4 Gauge Power Delivery Kits are the perfect answer for large or multiple amplifier installations. They feature everything the DIY installer needs, making the task of installing your new system quick and painless...

	Premium Accessory Power Pack for your Blackberry 8330 Curve Phone! Kit includes : (1) A Days Tech Charging USB Data Cable, (1) Travel AC/Wall Charger with Folding Blades, (1) Car Charger DC/Vehicle with rapid charger & fuse protection. List Price: $69.99 Sale Price: $29.99
	Description Premium Accessory Power Pack for your BlackBerry 8330 Curve Phone! Kit includes : (1) A Days Tech Charging USB Data Cable, (1) Travel AC/Wall Charger with Folding Blades, (1) Car Charger DC/Vehicle with rapid charger & fuse protection...

Common Car Modifications that are Useless

Do you ever see a pretty cool car that is completely ruined by a modification? Living in the Twin Cities, I see a lot of these. Sometimes drivers purchase a cool car like an Acura Integra only to ruin its aesthetic appeal by installing lame car body kits. Another mod that really annoys me is the raising or lowering of cars. Why would you want to jump into a car several feet up? Not only that, but it just looks plain tacky. I call it begging for attention. Here are three common body modifications that more often than not destroy the overall coolness of a vehicle.

1. Body kits- I will admit sometimes they do the car some good but I keep seeing cars have a body kit that is a completely different color of the rest of the car. Can you say ugly!?

2. Racing tails- I think racing cars are generally cool looking, for the most part. Every now and then I see a Honda Civic completely ruined by the installation of a racing tail. They are just so gaudy.

3. Exhausts- It’s cool to have a monstrous roar to your hot ride, but let’s face it, some drivers try way too hard. A Ford Mustang already has a beastly roar, why amp it up with a Mustang Exhaust that sounds artificial and unnecessary. If you want a roar that everybody will admire, get a cool car. An exhaust installation on a stupid little Cavalier is just plain stupid. Nobody will think it sounds good. In fact, they’ll probably roll their eyes and laugh.

So there you have it. I hate cars that are modified when they don’t have to be. Sometimes I see a Dodge Charger that is lifted off the ground by a good 2 feet or so. There is also plenty of cars around here that have too many stickers, are custom painted by a dork, or have stupid things stuck to them like wine corks or McDonalds toys. This kind of stuff just makes the driver look ridiculous. In my opinion, they are better off driving a straight up stock car.

About the Author

where can i find a good brand amp instalashen kit the cables to inatall all the sistem on my car?

www.sonicelectronix.com
Streetwires
Memphis Audio
Tsunami
Directed
Just to name a few.

new amp kit in my car

	Hobart 500487 Handler 125 115-Volt 30-to-125 Amp Arc Single-Phase Wire Welding Package List Price: $454.95 Sale Price: $289.99 You save: $164.96 (36%)
	Description Rugged and portable, the Handler 125 wire feed welder operates with 115-volt household current. Comes ready to weld without shielding gas using 0.030-0.035in. flux cored wire. This unit has an optional solenoid valve for welding with 0...

	Hobart 500500 Handler 140 115-Volt 25-to-140 Amp Gas/Metal/Arc Single-Phase Wire Welding Package List Price: $549.95 Sale Price: $479.99 You save: $69.96 (13%)
	Description Rugged and portable, the Handler® 140 operates off 110 volt current. Comes ready to weld with or without shielding gas using .030 flux cored wire. For greater versatility, upgrade with the optional MIG Kit...

	Campbell Hausfeld WG2060 90 Amp MIG/Flux Versa-Arc Welder Sale Price: $249.99
	Description The Campbell Hausfeld WG2060 95 Amp MIG/Flux Versa-Arc welder can handle 24-gauge to 3/16-inch steel and accepts wire sizes of .024 inch, .030 inch, and .035 inch on 4-inch or 8-inch spools. A built-in gas liner and valve make the Campbell Hausfeld WG2060 welder MIG ready...

	Leviton 697-I 15 Amp, 125 Volt, 2-Pole, 3-Wire, U-Ground Single-to-Triple for 3 Straight or Angle Plugs, Ivory List Price: $12.34 Sale Price: $6.64 You save: $5.70 (46%)
	Description Sold as each. 15A, 125V. 2 pole, 3 wire grounding. Single to triple. UL listed, CSA approved. . Ivory. Manufacturer number: 001-697-I. Country of origin: Mexico. Distributed by Leviton Mfg. Co.,, Inc.

	Whirlpool PT400L 4-Feet 4-Wire 30-Amp Dryer Power Cord List Price: $17.99 Sale Price: $16.19 You save: $1.80 (10%)
	Description M CORD-POWER

	Whirlpool PT220L 4-Feet 3-Wire 30-Amp Dryer Power Cord Sale Price: $17.99
	Description M CORD-POWER WAS 4392905 TC0508

	Whirlpool PT220 4-Feet 3-Wire 40-Amp Range Power Cord Sale Price: $15.99
	Description M CORD - POWER

	StreetWires PSK04Ri Power Station Amp Kit - Power / audio cable kit - 4 AWG - red Sale Price: $53.95
	Description StreetWires 4 Gauge Power Delivery Kits are the perfect answer for large or multiple amplifier installations. They feature everything the DIY installer needs, making the task of installing your new system quick and painless...

	IMC Audio 0 Gauge Power Cable Wire BY THE FOOT Sale Price: $3.99

	StreetWires UFX807S 8 AWG Power Cable Clear 7 ft. List Price: $17.99 Sale Price: $14.89
	Description Ever since StreetWires invented mobile audio power cable, they have continued to innovate and improve upon their industry standard. For unbridled power flow and ultra-low DC resistance, Ultra Flow cable is built from the purest oxygen-free (OFC), fine-stranded copper and the finest electrical-grade insulation...

Cheap Guitar Amps- It’s About Power

Cheap guitar amps come in all sorts of incarnations, from tiny micro amps to practise amps, to amps that might just about have enough power to get through a small gig without you being drowned out by the bass player. The trick, as with most things gear related, is to make sure you’re getting what you really want. In particular, since costs for amps generally go up as their power goes up, you need to work out just how much power you really need.

Click here if you are interested in my review on the best easy guitar lessons

What Do You Want?

Well, that depends on what you’re planning on doing with the amp. If you’re only ever going to use it to practise through headphones, then some sort of mini amp, like the Danelectro Honeytone M10 or the Dean Markley GR1000, is probably going to be enough for you.

If you’re planning on using it for practise, but would rather not have one extra wire getting tangled on the way to the amp, then possibly a slightly larger practise amp is in order. Rogue’s 10watt practise amp may not sound like it has much power, but it’s probably enough for a bedroom. The same applies to other good practise options like the Rocktron Velocity series 10W or the Fender Frontman 10W. Particularly good value for money is offered by the Behringer V-tone 15 Watt amp, which uses modelling technology to produce a number of different amp tones by offering options on amp type, speaker simulation, and gain type. Don’t let the slightly higher wattage fool you though, it’s still very much a practise amp.

So what do you do if you want cheap guitar amps that can handle large practises and some gigging? You up the power, of course. A thirty to fifty watt amp should be adequate for most small gigs, and you can always run it into the PA at larger venues, plus you can still usually roll back the power enough to practise without annoying the neighbours. Line 6’s Spider amps come in a thirty watt incarnation that lets you bring the versatility of modelling to your playing, while Marshall’s MG4 amp comes in at the same power, sounds good, and has one of the great names in amp design on the front as a bonus.

Generally, something in the 50 watt range will cover most needs, but if you’re gigging seriously, you might want to go bigger still. Much past 100 watts, of course, it becomes hard to see how you could practise without either having to use headphones or seriously annoying the neighbours, so you’re probably looking at a dedicated amp. It should also be remembered that more power generally means more cost. Raven’s RG100 is probably the cheapest of the hundred watt amps out there, and could well be worth a go if you’re looking for cheap guitar amps but still really need the extra power.

Click here to read my reviews on guitar lessons online

About the Author

http://guitarplayersource.com

Where do you run Amp Power Wire through firewall in 1999 GMC Yukon?

Does anyone have any suggestions on where I can run the amp power wire though the firewall in my 1999 GMC Yukon?
I'm using 4 gauge wire. Any suggestions of an existing spot where I can run the wire with out drilling a hole would be great.

There should be a rubber grommet about the size of a silver dollar on either side of the fire wall looking under the hood. If you cannot see one, tap the firewall on both sides with a screwdriver or something metal and you should be able to hear and feel if something is in the way. Then use a step bit to drill the hole. If you are fairly new at doing this,it will help if someone is making the tapping noise for you under the hood so you can feel it on the other side. Make sure you are not near the master cylinder or you will drill through it and lose your brakes. Most of the time on the yukons there is plenty of room on the drivers side firewall above the foot pedals. Hope this helps.

Episode 1: Subaru WRX: Running an amp power wire, part 1

	Tanaka Replacement Part # 1781600020 WIRE GROUND List Price: $2.45 Sale Price: $1.96
	Description Tanaka Part WIRE GROUND

	Tanaka Replacement Part # 218649 WIRE GROUND List Price: $2.87 Sale Price: $2.30
	Description Tanaka Part WIRE GROUND

	Leviton 697-I 15 Amp, 125 Volt, 2-Pole, 3-Wire, U-Ground Single-to-Triple for 3 Straight or Angle Plugs, Ivory List Price: $12.34 Sale Price: $6.64 You save: $5.70 (46%)
	Description Sold as each. 15A, 125V. 2 pole, 3 wire grounding. Single to triple. UL listed, CSA approved. . Ivory. Manufacturer number: 001-697-I. Country of origin: Mexico. Distributed by Leviton Mfg. Co.,, Inc.

	Prime AD050802 Bulldog Tough U Ground Adaptor Triple Tap Adapter STOW Double Jacket 600-Volt Wire List Price: $16.32 Sale Price: $11.86 You save: $4.46 (27%)
	Description Outdoor Heavy-Duty Triple Tap Power Block Adapter Cord Set; 600 V Jacket; 2' Length; 15 Amps

	Leviton M13-05320-AMP 15 Amp Duplex Receptacle Grounded, Almond, 10-Pack List Price: $9.95 Sale Price: $7.29 You save: $2.66 (27%)
	Description Shallow design for maximum wiring room. Large head terminal screws accept up to No. 10 copper wire, Quickwire push in terminals for speedy installation. Double wire power contacts for maximum conductivity and plug retention, captive mounting screws...

	Pyramid RPB425 4 Gauge Black Ground Wire 25 Feet OFC List Price: $23.99 Sale Price: $20.11 You save: $3.88 (16%)
	Description o

	Pyramid RPR425 4 Gauge Clear Red Power Wire 25 Feet OFC Sale Price: $23.99
	Description 4 Gauge Clear Red Power Wire 25 ft. OFC 61/0.25 x 7C,D. 9.0mm

	Pyramid RPB10100 10 Gauge Black Ground Wire 100 Feet OFC List Price: $25.99 Sale Price: $21.12 You save: $4.87 (19%)
	Description 10 Gauge Black Ground Wire 100 ft. OFC 15/0.25 x 7C,D. 5.0mm

	The effect of corona on ground wire protection of power transmission circuits

	Routing the power and ground wires on a VLSI chip (MIT/LCS/TR-)

Copper Welding and Power Cable Specs, Wire and Cable Information

WesBell Electronics, Inc

There are many different types of power cables including Welding cable, DLO (locomotive), Type W, Type G-GC and Stage lighting (Entertainment Cable). These are all made with a rubber neoprene jacket, but they each have differences in insulation thickness and application. This article will explain the differences and help you understand how each cable is used.

Welding Cable is the most basic because it’s just the copper stranding and the insulation. The pricing is incredibly volatile because copper is a commodity which changes the pricing daily. Welding cables, and the rest of the power cables listed, are made with 30 gauge fully annealed bare copper stranding. It has good flexibility, abrasion-resistant, and good color retention. It’s mostly used for secondary voltage resistance welding leads.

DLO cable (Diesel locomotive cable) is a power cable made with 24 gauge tinned copper stranding. Since it’s made with the thicker gauge size it makes the cable less flexible. DLO cable is made with a thicker CPE (Chlorinated Polyethylene) jacket. Basic applications for locomotive cable are oil and gas drilling rigs, diesel electric locomotives and telecom power supply.

Type W and Type G-GC and multi-conductor power cables used in heavy duty industrial applications. They’re made similar to SOOW portable cord products, but are much larger and handle more amperage. Type W and Type G-GC are made with 30 gauge bare copper stranding to make up 3 or 4 conductors. Those conductors are insulated and then covered with an overall heavy duty neoprene jacket. The only difference between these two power cables is the Type G-GC have 2 smaller ground wires and a ground check wire as well. The Type W only has 2, 3, 4, or 5 same size conductors.

Stage lighting cable (Entertainment cable) is used in the industrial lighting market for theatre, television, night clubs, motion pictures and spot lights. It has 30 gauge bare copper stranding and a neoprene jacket. It’s very similar to the welding cable but with a slightly thicker jacket and a temperature rating of 105°C instead of 90°C.

It may seem like these cables are only slightly different, but they have been analyzed many times by industry professions that these differences are needed. Make sure to use the correct cable for the longest life possible or you’ll find yourself replacing is far sooner than needed.

About the Author

WesBell Electronics, Inc has the information to save you money! We allow you to purchase exact lengths on our Power Cable and Welding Cable and offer free shipping on orders over $250.00!

any difference between power/ground wire and speaker wire?

i have small 16 gauge speaker wiring and im tryin to run 1500RMS so i was gonna buy some 8 gauge speaker wire but i found about 16ft of 8 gauge power/ground wire from a old amp wiring kit never used, would this be ok to run from my amp to my subs as speaker wire? and also i have a monoblock amp but is has 2 negatives and 2 positives like a 2 channel amp ive heard its wired together inside and jus have 2 hookups for bigger speaker wire, i have 2 dvc 4ohm subs and they each are bridged to 2ohms can i hook each sub up to each channel and that will still b 1ohm?? thanks for the help

Wire is wire, it will work fine.. And yes if both subs are wired for 2 ohm connect one to each terminal. That will be 1 ohm…

ground wire cadwelding in a power substation

	Houzer Novus NVS5100 32" Undermount Single Bowl Stainless Steel Sink with 18-Gauge, 10" Depth, 3/8" Radius, Dual Sliding Platforms System and MegaShield Insulation
	Description Installation: Undermount. Dual Sliding Platforms System: Yes. Material: Premium Grade T-304 Stainless Steel. Depth: 10". Gauge: 18. MegaShield Insulation: Yes Over Sound Pad. Finish: Brushed Satin. Radius: 3/8"...

	Rockford Fosgate CP4DCKS Dual Amp 4-Gauge Power & Interconnect KitWith Speaker Wire
	Description Rockford Fosgate, division of Rockford Corporation, is a world leader in the design and manufacturing of high-end automobile sound equipment.This kit includes:17ft 4 AWG silver braided power cable;3ft 4 AWG black braided ground cable;6ft 8 AWG silver braided power cable;6ft 8 AWG black braided ground cable;2 CPST-500 16...

	Lanzar Contaq 5000 Watt 0 Gauge Power Amp Kit List Price: $87.99 Sale Price: $44.29 You save: $43.70 (50%)
	Description Transparent Blue Power Cable (16FT) Transparent Silver Ground Cable (3FT) Transparent Blue Remote Cable (15FT) Transparent Blue Interconnect Audio Cable (15FT) Transparent Speaker Cable (20FT) Accessories: ANL Fuse Holder 1PC ANL Fuse 1PC Spade Terminals 4 PCS Ring Terminals 2PCS Butt Connector 1PC Cable TIE Grommet 1PC Crimp Caps 3PCS White Screw 1PC

	Lanzar Great Amplifier/Subwoofer/Installation Package for Car/Truck/SUV -- MXA282 Max Pro 4000W 2-Channel High-Power Mosfet Amplifier + MXBB122 Max Pro Dual 12-Inch 2400W High Power Ported Subwoofer Enclosure + LQ43 Contaq 4 Gauge Power and Speaker Amp Kit. List Price: $449.99 Sale Price: $299.99
	Description MXA282 Dimensions: 10.47"W x 2.46"H x 21"L.. MXBB122 Dimensions: 14.5"H x 30"W x 16.4"D..

Brand New Tsunami Amp48-rca Competition Accessory Package with Dual 4/8 Gauge Amp Kit + Power Plant + Fuse Holder with Digital Display + Distribution Block + Rca Cables and More Sale Price: $89.95

Description BRAND NEW TSUNAMI AMP48-RCA COMPETITION ACCESSORY PACKAGE WITH DUAL 4/8 GAUGE AMP KIT + POWER PLANT + FUSE HOLDER WITH DIGITAL DISPLAY + DISTRIBUTION BLOCK + RCA CABLES AND MORE Includes: (2) 16' Clear Blue Twisted Pair RCA's 17' 4 Ga Blue Tinned & Braided Power Cable 3' 4 Ga Silver Tinned & Braided Ground Cable 8' 8 Ga Blue Tinned & Braided Power Cable 8' 8 Ga Silver Tinned & Braided Ground Cable 40' 16 Ga Blue Square Speaker Wire 3' 12 Ga Blue Speaker Wire 18' 18 Ga Blue Remote Turn-On Wire Bright Nickel 4 Gauge ANL Fuseholder Voltage Meter Block-AGU AGU DISTRIBUTION BLOCK (1) 4 Ga In (2) 8 Ga Out POS/NEG Distribution Block (1) 4 Ga In (2) 4 Ga Out Ground Distribution Block 1/0 or 4 Ga In (2) 4 Ga and (3) 8 Ga Out HARDWARE : ALL FUSES (2) 4 Ga Nickel "L" Type Ground Ring Terminals (2) 4 Ga Nickel 5/16" H-D Ring Terminals (14) 8" Black Wire Ties (4) 8 Ga Spade Terminals Nickel 2 Blue, 2 Silver Covers (4) 12 Gauge Spade Terminals Nickel 2 Blue, 2 Silver Covers (8) 16 Ga Spade Terminals Nickel 4 Blue, 4 Silver Covers (2) Battery Terminals - (2) 4 Ga (2) 8 Ga Out (12) 6x3/4" + Pan Head Screws (black oxide) (6) 6x3/4" + Pan Head Screws (black oxide) 2 competition grade RCA Cables

Super Fast Electric Scooters

Super Fast Electric Scooters

These days scooters are being built to ride faster than ever. We all know that the gas powered scooters can travel quite fast, but now there are electric scooters that can match them, and they do not need a drop of gas.

Super Fast Electric Scooters

After you follow the link on this page you will be brought to the only Electric Scooter site on the internet that offers super fast electric scooters -and they reach speeds of 50 mph!

The best part is, they are completely street legal as well.

So not only will you have a great time on these super fast electric scooters, but you can even drive to the store, or your friends house. Heck, lots of people are even buying fast electric scooters to drive to work. 

Think about all the gas money they are saving. These fast scooters are practically paying for themselves.

These amazing electric scooters require ZERO gas and fit 2 people, plus cargo! That's right, it is fully electric, pollution free, and street legal. Packed with an amazing brushless motor which will power you to speeds of 50 MPH. Plus, this electric scooter will re-charge itself while in motion. This is an electric scooter first. No more having to plug in your scooter or stopping at the gas pump. Order today and we will even give you a free separate charger just in case you need it and a tool kit too! Learn to live free and go green today!

Completed with a smooth 2 speed (automatic) transmission, full gauges, cargo areas, 5 silicon gel cell batteries, and a 3000 watt brushless rear motor. Travel up to 50 miles on a full charge. This is a high quality scooter and is great for getting around on. This electric scooter Street legal and fully DOT certified Motor Vehicle capable of transporting up to 300 lbs of load. It is likely you will need a drivers license to operate this motorized scooter on the streets.

Comes with a VIN number and an MCO (Manufacturer's Certificate of Origin) that you can take to your local DMV office and exchange for a title (pink slip) & license plate/registration in all 50 USA States.

Order your motorized scooter today in blue on silver or choose red on silver. Ships direct to your door 

soyou do not have to travel to some depot in the middle of nowhere, like other companies will have you 

do. Stop paying high fuel prices and go green today!

Product Specifications:

Drive System : 3000 Watts Electric Hub Motor

Motor Power: Super Strong 3000 Watts

Motor Type : Brushless Hub Motor - Motor is in center of rear wheel

Maximum Riders : Can ride 2 people at once

Amps: 38 Amp Circuit

Volts: 60 Volts

Batteries: 5 x 12 volts Maintenance Free (5 Full size Silicon Gel Cell batteries) = 60 Volts

Tire Size: 3.5 x 10 36PSI (Tire pressure)

Charger: Smart 60 Volt Charger Included

Tool Kit: Included- Free

Top Speed: Up To 50 Mph

Distance: Up to 50 miles per charge.

Throttle Type: Variable speed control - Twist throttle on right grip

Key Start: Yes

Seat Kit Included: Spring loaded for comfort

Storage Areas : Cargo rack + Large area below seat + Compartment area below ignition key

Braking System: Front Disc and Rear Drum brakes

Foldable: Partially - Remove front wheel for transport

Head Light: Yes (Dual Sport Headlight System)

Tail Light: Yes

Brake Light: Yes

Blinkers: Yes

Suggested Max Load Weight: 300 lbs - Test To 350 lbs

Moped Size (LxWxH): 70"x27"x47" LxWxH Height: 55" Ground to Mirror

Scooter Net Weight: 300 Lbs

Controller: Yes

Kick Stand: Yes

Shock Absorber: Front Hydraulic And Rear Spring

Electric Horn: Yes

Spring Loaded Seat: Yes

Speedometer: Yes

Battery Indicator: Yes

Cargo Rack: Included

Controller: Water Proof Digital Controller

Street Legal: All 50 States

Click Here For Instant Access:

About the Author

Super Fast Electric Scooters - These Scooters Reach 50 MPH!

Is a 180 amp alternator and dual optima 34/78 yellow tops enough for my stereo?

I have a jbgl 14001 amp running my subs its rated at 1500 watts rms at 2 ohms it has 4x 40 amp fuses on it i am running 2 jbl 12 inch p1222 on it in the front i am running 2 amps one is a powerbass 400.4 its bridged into 2 channels at 200 watts rms per channel and for my rear mids i am running a powerbass xa250 its rated at 100 rms the way i have it hookede up so i am running exactly 2000 watts rms to my system will a 180 amp alternator dual optima yellowtops 34/78 and big 3 upgrade and 1/0 gauge running through the whole car will this be enough to prevent dimming headlights clipping of my amps and to not burn out my alternator? its all hooked to a 2005 nissan sentra it had a stock 80 amp alternator and 180 is the biggest i can go due to space issues?

wow. Its like you copied half of my system. I run the same jbl amp and 2 optima batteries ( one in front, one in rear ). With a factory 90 amp alternator. I have all 0 gauge wiring including the big 3. My voltage never drops below 13.2 volts and only goes that low rarely. With that h.o. Alternator you should be fine.

KICKER L7 12'S IN CIVIC HATCHBACK